Growth,feed utilization and liver histology of juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) fed isoenergetic diets with increasing protein levels

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization and liver histology in common sole. Four isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain four different crude protein levels: 39 (P39), 45 (P45), 51 (P51) and 57 (P57) % dry weight. Fifty animals per tank (initial weight 10.2 ± 0.4 g) were randomly distributed into twelve 500 litre square tanks (bottom surface: 5600 cm²) connected to a closed recirculation system. The diets were tested in triplicate for 84 days. At the end of the experiment, the final weight ranged from 19.6 (P39) to 25.4 g (P57). The specific growth rate showed statistical differences between groups, with the best results in the group fed diet P57 (1.07% day^?1). Significant differences between groups were also recorded for the feed conversion ratio, with values of 1.31, 1.28, 1.12 and 0.94 in P39, P45, P51 and P57 respectively. Gross lipid efficiency was also significantly affected by the dietary treatment, with the highest value (42.07%) found in P57. Ammonia excretion, expressed as g 100 g^?1 protein intake, was significantly lower for group P39 (2.46) than groups P51 (4.70) and P57 (4.75). Increased incidence of lipid droplets in hepatocytes was observed when the dietary protein levels increased and/or dietary lipid decreased.     

Stages of rock bream oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck et Schlegel 1844): embryonic development

The embryonic development of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, was studied from fertilization until hatching. The hatching occurred approximately at 25 h after fertilization at 23.5 ± 0.5 °C. The embryogenesis is divided into seven stages: Zygote period, Cleavage period, Morula period, Blastula period, Gastrula period, Segmentation period and Hatching period. The first cleavage furrow of rock bream fertilized eggs is vertically oriented, as is usual until horizontal cleavage occurs at the fifth cleavage. The blastocoel is observed between the blastoderm and I‐YSL at blastula period. At 90%‐epiboly stage, the earliest somitic furrow appears in the middle of embryo. The myotomes develop from somites at 15 h 30 min post fertilization. The Kupffer's vesicle consisting of ventrally I‐YSL and dorsally columnar cells appears with the completion of epiboly. It degenerates gradually with the penetration of some eosinophilic granules and disappears completely at 20 h 30 min after fertilization. The digestive tract, a straight tubule, is differentiated into foregut, midgut and hindgut. The epithelium of midgut and hindgut are the monolayer cubic and columnar cells respectively. The staging series provides a preliminary baseline reference for future studies on embryos of the rock bream.     

氯氰菊酯暴露对草鱼4种器官组织结构的影响

通过氯氰菊酯对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼(9.30±0.48)g的急性毒性实验及对鳃、肝、肾、脾的组织学研究,探讨了随着氯氰菊酯浓度的增加以及暴露时间的延长草鱼组织结构损伤的变化趋势.结果显示:氯氰菊酯对草鱼种的48 h-LC50和96 h-LC50分别为55.21μg/L和25.00...     

Functional palatability enhancer improved growth,intestinal morphology,and hepatopancreas protease activity,replacing squid paste in white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,diets

Squid visceral paste is a popular attractant and feeding stimulator supplement in shrimp feeds in China, but it often faces problems with fluctuating availability, cost, composition, and quality. An 8‐week experiment was performed to test a proprietary palatability enhancer as an alternative to squid paste in white shrimp feed. Seven diets were tested: a control diet with no supplementations; S1 and S3 diets supplemented with squid paste at 1 or 3%, respectively; S1+PE0.1 and S1+PE0.15 supplemented with both 1% squid paste and the palatability enhancer at either 0.1 or 0.15%, respectively; and finally PE0.1 and PE0.15 supplemented only with the palatability enhancer at 0.1 or 0.15%, respectively. The results showed a trend for increased feed intake and weight gain when squid paste was added to the diet compared to the control, but this was worsened by raising the inclusion level from 1 to 3%. The inclusion of the PE, in combination with squid paste or alone at 0.15%, led to a significantly higher growth, and a feeding stimulation effect was also indicated, with PE0.1 and PE0.15 having a higher feed intake than the control. A further beneficial effect was a significant increase in protease activity in the hepatopancreas in the S1+PE0.15, PE0.1, and PE0.15 treatments compared to the control. In addition, a significant increase in the height of the intestinal mucosal folds was observed in PE0.15, followed by PE0.1. The results demonstrated the potential to replace or reduce squid visceral paste in shrimp diets by supplementing with a PE with functional effects beyond feeding stimulation.     

基于蛋白质组学技术分析初乳和常乳摄入对初生犊牛肝脏蛋白表达的影响

【目的】试验旨在对犊牛肝脏蛋白进行蛋白质组学分析，筛选与初乳、常乳摄入相关的蛋白。【方法】以经产荷斯坦母牛分娩的9头公犊牛为研究对象，随机分为初乳组（CI）、常乳组（M）和对照组（CT），每组3头。初乳组和常乳组犊牛分别饲喂初乳和常乳，于出生后24 h屠宰；对照组未饲喂初乳或常乳，于出生后2 h屠宰。采用Label-free蛋白组学技术对3组犊牛肝脏的蛋白表达谱进行分析，以Q<0.05为阈值筛选各组间的差异表达蛋白，并进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】在犊牛肝脏中共鉴定到3 901个蛋白，其中在初乳组、常乳组和对照组中分别鉴定到3 521、3 646和3 548个蛋白，有3 202个蛋白在3组中共表达。对差异表达蛋白进行分析显示，初乳组和常乳组犊牛肝脏中共筛选出287个差异表达蛋白，主要参与细胞代谢、应激反应、生长发育和氧化还原等生物过程，显著富集通路为内吞作用、氨基酸代谢和氧化磷酸化；初乳组和对照组犊牛肝脏中共筛选出154个差异表达蛋白，主要参与细胞代谢、单组织过程和肌酸合成等生物过程，显著富集通路为氨基酸代谢、黏着斑和内吞作用等。【结论】饲喂初乳的犊牛肝脏中差异表达蛋白主要参与分解代谢、氧化还原等生物过程，为犊牛摄入初乳后肝脏的蛋白响应机制提供了新的见解。     

Histological and histochemical study of the proventriculus (Ventriculus glandularis) of common starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

The histological and histochemical structures of the proventriculus of starling (Sturnus vulgaris) were examined using haematoxylin and eosin and special staining, that is periodic acid schiff (PAS), Masson's trichrome, Alcian blue, Orcein and Reticulin. All three cranial, middle and caudal parts of the proventriculus were also studied. The study results showed that the wall of the proventriculus consisted of mucosal, submucosal, muscular and serosal tunics. The mucosal tunic presented folds and sulci on its luminal surface. In the first third of the proventriculus, the tunica mucosa characterized by presence of folds lined by stratified squamous epithelium and presence of simple tubular glands in the lamina propria. In the middle and caudal thirds of the proventriculus, the surface was covered by a columnar epithelium, and the branched tubular glands were extended through the lamina propria. From the base of the branched tubular glands, the deep proventricular glands were observed that were compound tubuloalveolar lobules. The surface epithelium of the tunica mucosa and the cells lining the proventricular glands showed a positive reaction to PAS and Alcian blue stainings. In addition, the epithelial cells of the tubular and branched tubular glands showed Masson's trichrome-positive reaction. The submucosal tunic was thin in the proventricular wall. The tunica muscularis was formed by a thin inner layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres and a thick outer layer of circular fibres. The serosa consisted of loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels and covered by mesothelium.     

摄食不同种类饵料的鲤肝脏组织miRNA表达谱分析及验证

MicroRNA(miRNAs)是一类长度为18-25nt的内源性非编码单链小RNA,参与细胞增殖与凋亡、免疫、脂肪代谢等过程。本试验以三组投喂不同类型饵料的鲤(Cyprinus carpio)肝脏为研究材料,通过HiSeq 2500深度测序技术和生物信息学分析miRNA,鉴定出235个已知miRNAs。三种饵料组共表达的差异miRNAs有13个,随机挑选5个miRNA并采用qPCR进行验证,表达趋势在qRT-PCR结果和RNA测序结果中高度相似;对13个共表达的差异表达miRNAs进行靶基因预测,共预测到靶基因530个。对预测靶基因进行KEGG通路分析,结果显示参与2-羰基羧酸代谢,糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)-锚定生物合成,柠檬酸循环(TCA循环)等通路的调节。本研究首次了解鲤摄食不同种类饵料的miRNAs表达特征,可以为深入了解miRNA对鲤摄食不同种类饵料过程的调控作用奠定基础。     

Histological observation of the reproductive system in a viviparous teleost Xenotoca eiseni Rutter 1896 (Cyprinodontiformes: Goodeidae)

Xenotoca eiseni is a viviparous teleost belonging to the family Goodeidae. Here, we report histological observations of the reproductive organs in an adult male, an adult female, a pregnant female with intraovarian embryo and an extracted embryo of X. eiseni. High-resolution images of haematoxylin–eosin-stained sagittal sections revealed the detailed structure of gonads, gametes and reproductive components of the mother–embryo relationship. In the male, mature spermatozoa in the epididymis formed sperm packages. In the female, oogenesis proceeded asynchronously in the ovarian wall, and various stages of oocytes were observed in single ovary. In both sexes, genital openings were located between the anus and anal fin. Developing embryos were observed in an ovary of the pregnant female. Fine structures of components of the mother-to-embryo nutrient supply, ovarian septum and trophotaenia were observed in the pregnant ovary. An immature gonad prior to gamete formation was identified in the extracted embryo. With the aim of supporting the development and extension of studies on this viviparous teleost, we have shared our histological images as raw data in an open online archive, the 'NAGOYA repository ( http://hdl.handle.net/2237/00032456 )'. Our goal is a comprehensive understanding of the viviparous system in fish using both histological observation and molecular biology methods including genomics and proteomics.     

The colonization processes of Myrtus communis by strains of Pseudomonas savastanoi with a differential ability to produce phytohormones

The ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) through the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway as well as cytokinins is a common trait of Pseudomonas savastanoi populations causing disease on oleander and olive. These phytohormones are required for the induction and development of an outgrowth of plant cell tissue termed a knot. However, in myrtle orchards of Sardinia (Italy), strains of P. savastanoi unable to produce cytokinins were found coexisting with cytokinin-producing strains. Data presented here show that the ability to produce IAA through the IAM pathway is also a variable trait within this population, raising questions on the exact role of these plant growth substances in the disease process on myrtle. Three P. savastanoi strains were selected based on their differential ability to produce phytohormones in vitro, and their interaction with the host was investigated over a period of 8 months using histological methods. All strains successfully invaded the infected twigs, moving systemically (unhalted by host defences) upward and downward from the inoculation point, both by completely degrading the cell walls and by taking advantage of the xylem vessels and intercellular spaces. Moreover, all strains induced the development of cankers, which slowly evolved into typical knots only on the twigs inoculated with the phytohormone-producing strains. This study further demonstrates that cytokinins and IAA are essential for knot development; moreover, it ascertains that bacterial production of cytokinins is not necessary for host colonization and for the expression of pathogenicity (i.e. the ability to cause disease) of P. savastanoi on myrtle.